Chemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of the Leaf Essential Oil of Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae) from Nigeria
Samuel Ehiabhi Okhale *
Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu Industrial Area, P.M.B. 21 Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
Chukkol Ismail Buba
Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu Industrial Area, P.M.B. 21 Garki, Abuja, Nigeria and Department of Chemistry, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, P.O.Box 740, Jimeta, Adamawa State, Nigeria
Peters Oladosu
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu Industrial Area, P.M.B. 21 Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
Henry O. Egharevba
Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu Industrial Area, P.M.B. 21 Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
Grace Ugbabe
Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu Industrial Area, P.M.B. 21 Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
Jemilat A. Ibrahim
Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu Industrial Area, P.M.B. 21 Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
Oluyemisi Folashade Kunle
Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu Industrial Area, P.M.B. 21 Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
All parts of Garcinia kola are used in traditional medicine for various ailments including inflammation and infections. The leaf essential oil (EO) of Garcinia kola was isolated by hydrodistillation using Clavenger type apparatus and subjected to GC-MS analyses. A total of twenty-seven compounds were identified representing 88.27% of the oil. The main components of the essential oil were citronellic acid (48.3%), 5,9-undecadien-2-one (5.12%), α-ionone (4.38%), 3-buten-2-one (3.25%), 2-pentadecanone (2.59%), squalene (2.27%), nonacosane (2.18%), octanal (1.9%), geraniol (1.52%), mesitylene (1.17%) and α-farnesene (1.02%). The oil contained many compounds that were active against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Mycobacterium bovis with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from >400 to 50 μg/ml and could be exploited for the development of plant-based drugs.
Keywords: Garcinia kola, Clusiaceae, leaves, essential oil, antimicrobial, citronellic acid