Antioxidant Activity of Extracts and HPLC-DAD-MS Identification of the Major Anthocyanins of the Fruit Peel of Spondias purpurea L. (Anacardiaceae) in Burkina Faso
Dominique Saga Kaboré *
Laboratory of Analytical, Environmental, and Bio-Organic Chemistry (LCAEBiO), Joseph KI-ZERBO University, P.O. Box 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
Benjamin Bazié
Laboratory of Analytical, Environmental, and Bio-Organic Chemistry (LCAEBiO), Joseph KI-ZERBO University, P.O. Box 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso and Ouagadougou Polytechnic School, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Mahamadi Ouedraogo
Laboratory of Analytical, Environmental, and Bio-Organic Chemistry (LCAEBiO), Joseph KI-ZERBO University, P.O. Box 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso and Laboratory of Analytical, Space, and Energy Chemistry (L@CAPSE), Norbert ZONGO University, P.O. Box 376 Koudougou, Burkina Faso.
Ousséni Sawadogo
Laboratory of Analytical, Environmental, and Bio-Organic Chemistry (LCAEBiO), Joseph KI-ZERBO University, P.O. Box 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
Abdoulaye Yougoubo
Laboratory of Analytical, Environmental, and Bio-Organic Chemistry (LCAEBiO), Joseph KI-ZERBO University, P.O. Box 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso and CNRST/IRSAT, Department of Natural Substances, P.O. Box 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
Arrounan Noba
Laboratory of Analytical, Environmental, and Bio-Organic Chemistry (LCAEBiO), Joseph KI-ZERBO University, P.O. Box 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
Remy Kindanloun Bationo
Laboratory of Analytical, Environmental, and Bio-Organic Chemistry (LCAEBiO), Joseph KI-ZERBO University, P.O. Box 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso and CNRST/IRSAT, Department of Natural Substances, P.O. Box 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
Moumouni Koala
Laboratory of Analytical, Environmental, and Bio-Organic Chemistry (LCAEBiO), Joseph KI-ZERBO University, P.O. Box 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso and Research and Development Laboratory for Phytomedicines and Medicines/Institute for Health Sciences Research (IRSS/CNRST), 03 BP 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
Constantin Maniénou Dabiré
Laboratory of Analytical, Environmental, and Bio-Organic Chemistry (LCAEBiO), Joseph KI-ZERBO University, P.O. Box 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso and Laboratory of Chemistry and Renewable Energy, Nazi BONI University, 01 BP 1091 Bobo 01, Burkina Faso.
Amandine NACHTERGAEL
Laboratory of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy; University of Mons, Chemin du Champ de Mars, 25 7000 Mons, Belgium.
Julie Carette
Laboratory of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy; University of Mons, Chemin du Champ de Mars, 25 7000 Mons, Belgium.
Eloi Palé
Laboratory of Analytical, Environmental, and Bio-Organic Chemistry (LCAEBiO), Joseph KI-ZERBO University, P.O. Box 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Spondias purpurea L. is an Anacardiaceae fruit species whose peel may contain phenolic pigments of interest, although its phytochemical profile remains insufficiently documented in Burkina Faso. This study evaluated the anthocyanin, phenolic compound and antioxidant contents of the fruit peel and identified the major anthocyanins present. Fresh peel extracts were prepared using acidified methanol and an ethanol-water solvent system. Total anthocyanins were determined by the differential pH method, phenolic compounds by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant content by the FRAP assay. Structural identification was performed using HPTLC and HPLC-DAD-MS-visible UV analysis after extraction and acid hydrolysis. The acidified methanol extract contained 7.50 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents per 100 g of fresh plant material. The phenolic compound and antioxidant contents of the acidified methanol extract were 7.63 mg GAE/g and 6.0 mg TE/g of fresh plant material, respectively, whereas the ethanol-water extract gave lower values. HPLC-DAD-MS analysis indicated three major anthocyanins: peonidin-3-O-galactose, pelargonidin-3-O-glucose and peonidin-3-O-malonoylrhamnose. These results indicate that the fruit peel contains anthocyanins and antioxidant-associated phenolic compounds. Pending structural confirmation by NMR, the peel may be considered a potentially useful plant material for further phytochemical evaluation rather than being treated only as waste.
Keywords: Spondias purpurea L., fruit peel, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, FRAP assay, HPLC-DAD-MS, HPTLC, peonidin derivatives.